35 Brachycephalic Dog Breeds Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS) Complete List of Brachycephalic Dog Breeds Brachycephalic Dog Breed Health Concerns What is Brachycephalic? Flat-Faced Dog Breeds Shorter-Nosed Dog Breeds "Pushed Face" Dogs
The scientific word that vets use to describe short-nosed or flat-faced dogs is "brachycephalic". This comes from two Greek words meaning "short" and "head". Brachycephalic dog breeds can be quite a challenge to care for, because of really a lot of health concerns.
Dolichocephalic dogs have extremely long skulls with long and slender noses
Brachycephalic dogs are short nosed, flat faced, whose skulls are broad
Health Concerns
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS) - This is a combination of upper airway abnormalities, such as narrowed nostrils (stenotic nares) and a soft palate that is too long, which makes breathing difficult.
Breathing Difficulties - The anatomical issues can cause noisy breathing, snoring, and laboured breathing. Dogs cannot sweat and instead regulate their temperature largely through panting. Dogs with a traditional longer muzzle cool themselves down quickly by drawing in air over the large surface area of the tongue, but shorter nosed dogs cannot do this as efficiently. Because of this, brachycephalic dog breeds are more likely to overheat. Some are even killed by hot weather, particularly if they are overweight or older.
Overheating - Compromised airways make it harder for these dogs to cool themselves by panting, making them more susceptible to heatstroke. Shortened and narrowed airways result in laboured breathing meaning that these dogs constantly struggle to cope with a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. This puts a strain on the dogโs heart and makes them more susceptible to secondary heart problems.
Eye Problems - They can be prone to eye issues due to their facial structure. Many of these dogs have prominent eyes so their tear film does not spread properly and they are very vulnerable to injury. They easily develop ulcers on the eye which can easily result in loss of an eye if untreated.
Ear Problems - The shape of their heads means that these dogs often have deep skin folds around their eyes and narrowed ear canals.
Dental Problems - Their short muzzles can lead to overcrowding of teeth. Dog breeds have been selectively bred over many generations to meet certain characteristics, and those bred to have a shortened upper jaw still have the same number of teeth as those of their species with longer snouts (adult dogs have 42 teeth). Because they have to fit these teeth into a much smaller area, their teeth can overlap, increasing the risk of decay and gum disease.
Neurological Problems - Brachycephalic breeds can suffer from neurological (brain) problems because of their generally compressed skull shape. Syringomyelia is the most common of these; this is a painful condition where cavities or cysts form in the spinal cord. It is most often seen in Cavalier King Charles spaniels.
Mating & Giving Birth - High numbers of some brachycephalic breeds struggle to give birth naturally. English and French bulldogs commonly need Caesarean sections when their pups are ready to be born because selective breeding has caused a mismatch between the puppies' large heads and the mothers' birth canal. Vets call this "dystocia due to foetal-pelvic disproportion". While some bulldogs are able to give birth naturally, 86% of English bulldog puppies, and over 80% of French bulldog puppies, are delivered by C-section in the UK. Without assisted births, these bulldog mothers would likely die in pain during the birth and their offspring are unlikely to survive, too. Caesareans are major operations for any dog, but the risk increases for dogs who suffer from brachycephalic-related breathing problems.
Skin Problems - Skin folds can trap moisture and lead to infections.
Charming, outgoing, and lovable, pugs are happy and sociable companions with a distinctive appearance. Pushed-in noses, flat faces, and adorable wrinkles are the hallmarks of this popular breed, but this cute appearance makes them extremely likely to suffer from BOAS (brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome) and other related disorders. A telltale sign is that they often snuffle like little pigs โ again, this can seem charming, except for the fact that it is indicative of their struggle to breathe normally. However, this is not a breed that loves to exercise, they are canine couch potatoes who love nothing more than hanging out with their favorite human and make a great apartment pet. According to the study we mentioned earlier, the Pug is the second most affected breed regarding BOAS, and as such, you need to do your homework before welcoming one of these dogs into your life. Their super-flat faces and other respiratory problems cause many BOAS issues. However, they are still a relatively popular dog breed in America, providing their families endless entertainment and love. They are smothered in wrinkles, particularly around their face and neck, requiring weekly cleaning. They were once companions of Chinese emperors and later the mascot of the Netherlandsโ House of Orange. Their large and expressive eyes give you a glimpse of just how cheeky-natured they are. Their eyes are prone to injury because of how much they protrude from their flat face.
The French Bulldog is a French breed of companion dog or toy dog. It appeared in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, apparently the result of cross-breeding of Toy Bulldogs imported from England and local Parisian ratters. The most popular dog breed in the US, the companionable French bulldog has extreme brachycephalic conformation, with a pronounced underbite and shortened facial features. This "cute" snub nose can sadly cause chronic respiratory distress, which is very common in this breed. Despite these shortcomings in their health, Frenchies are undeniably adorable, playful and photogenic. They are alert, adaptable, affectionate, and get along great with humans and other animals. Their sturdy but small size makes them a top choice for families with younger children. According to the previous study, Frenchies are the fourth most likely to suffer from BOAS. It isnโt just their flat, wrinkly faces that we love. Their distinctive bat-shaped ears and cheeky smile are beautiful. They usually weigh under 28 pounds and measure between 11 and 13 inches from paw to shoulder. Keep them out of the midday sun during playtime. Instead, opt for indoor play to prevent overheating. Frenchies are snuffly pups and snore-like bears, so you might want to invest in earplugs.
The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States of America. This "American Gentleman" was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed. Boston Terriers are small and compact with a short tail and erect ears. This "American gentleman" of a dog is compact and smart, with tuxedo-style markings that make it instantly appealing. They are small and spunky, with oodles of character. However, like other brachycephalic dog breeds, the Boston Terrier's short nose and flat face means it has a long palate and narrow airway, which can cause breathing problems and leave them susceptible to a range of related health issues. A Boston Terrier's behavior can be quite rambunctious, and the dogs like to participate in whatever their family is doing. Although they have a lot of energy, Boston Terriers are happy with consistent-yet-moderate exercise and thrive in many environments, including as apartment dogs. They have a natural comedic streak and donโt require too much exercise. They are a top choice for city dwellers looking for a people-oriented, portable pup. According to a BOAS study by researchers in 2010, the Bostie is the third most commonly affected. They are also at risk of hearing problems. Although they are not as popular as their cousin, the French Bulldog, they are just as cute.
The Shih Tzu is a toy dog or pet dog breed originating from Tibet and believed to be bred from the Pekingese and the Lhasa Apso. These mini "Lion Dogs" with their beseeching dark eyes are a source of total delight to their owners, and especially children, they make ideal playmates. Like the Pekingese, this little dog is bred to live in palaces, but they will be just as happy on your lap. These little "lion dogs," as their name means, were associated with Buddhism and bred to look like lions, according to the Shih Tzu Club. Imperial rulers bred Shih Tzu dogs to alert their homes to visitors with a sharp bark. Eventually, this breed became a companion animal instead of a working guardian dog, as people in China began breeding them with breeds such as Pugs and Pekingese. The extremely brachycephalic head shape of the shih tzu โ flat faces, excessive facial wrinkles, and shallow eye sockets โ is linked to both ocular and respiratory problems. Shih tzus remain a favorite of toy dog enthusiasts. When properly trained and cared for, they can make wonderful house dogs. Just be prepared for some snorting and snoring; the shih tzu is considered a brachycephalic breed because of their head shape and short, "smooshed" face.
The American cocker spaniel is a small sporting dog breed from the United States that has a long, silky coat, big expressive eyes, and long, furry ears. In the U.S., this breed typically is just referred to as the cocker spaniel. But, outside of the U.S., it is known as the American cocker spaniel to differentiate it from its close cousin, the English cocker spaniel. The American cocker is the smallest breed in the American Kennel Clubโs Sporting group. It was bred to hunt but also to be a loving family companion. While English Cocker Spaniels are not a brachycephalic breed, some of their American cousins are. A hugely popular breed, being both sporty and extremely pretty with their large eyes, long ears, and silky coats - if you are up for the grooming demands. They have a much sharper stop than the English cocker, which can lead to breathing problems. Not all American cockers are brachycephalic, however, with some having a mesaticephalic head shape. This means they have a medium head rather than shortened one, that is, the length and width are equal.
The Tibetan spaniel is a small dog from Tibet with a medium-length, silky coat that features longer fur, referred to as a "lion's mane," around the neck. They have large, expressive eyes and fluffy tails that curl over their backs. Tibetan spaniels are generally very devoted companions who donโt like being left alone. Tibetan Spaniels date back thousands of years to the days when these little dogs used to raise the alarm for Buddhist monks in Tibetan monasteries. Less spaniel, and more mini lion with their silky ruffs, these adorable companion dogs love to form a tight bond with their humans. This is an adorably energetic and playful breed, but their short noses mean that there is a lot of tissue to fit into their nose and throat, resulting in the soft palate hanging down into the airway. Their nostrils are often small, too, meaning that they have narrow, obstructed breathing passages.
A German breed with a patient and protective nature, which is known for being a super playmate for kids. They are gentle and loving, despite their muscular power but these aren't the most important things to know about boxers. You should know that the distinctive short and wide head of the boxer, with its square muzzle and snub nose, is likely to predispose the breed to snoring and breathing problems. However, boxers are considered moderately rather than severely brachycephalic. In addition to being known for their energy and athleticism, Boxers are often characterized by their playful and affectionate nature. As their name suggests, Boxers are also recognized for their distinctive "boxing" behavior, where they playfully bat at objects or people with their front paws. They require regular exercise and training to keep them mentally and physically stimulated, but they can form strong, lasting bonds with humans.
This immensely powerful, ancient French breed of mastiff type features a rich, fawn-colored coat and a propensity for loyal guardianship. Although their enormous heads are the largest in the canine kingdom, they are also short, which means their breathing passages are undersized and flattened โ leading to breathing problems characteristic of brachycephalic breeds. The Dogue de Bordeaux is also known for excessive drooling which can add to the notion that it is struggling to breathe freely. The Dogue de Bordeaux is a large, gentle, and loyal breed that can make a good family dog with proper training and socialization. This breed is prone to certain health issues, including heart disease and hip dysplasia, and requires specific care, particularly in grooming and health monitoring. The breed is known for its protective nature but is generally gentle and does not bark excessively. The Dogue de Bordeaux, also known as the French mastiff, is a large French working dog renowned for its gentle and quiet demeanor, making it an excellent family pet. As one of the oldest and rarest breeds in France, this mastiff is muscular, stocky, and well-balanced, possessing the largest head in the dog kingdom. This breed dates back to the middle ages in France where these dogs were used to hunt wild game. Despite their powerful appearance, the Dogue is notably gentle in demeanor, while their intense loyalty makes them highly effective guard dogs.
The delicate little face of this small breed โ which started out life as a temple dog in its native Tibet - means that it has a shorter muzzle, compromising the soft palate and airway. Lhasa Apsos, faces vary in the degree of facial flatness โ the less the nose looks pushed in, the healthier the dog is likely to be. The Lhasa apso is a small non-sporting dog breed from Tibet that has a long, silky coat, which is touted for being low-shedding. Some pet parents trim the coat short in whatโs called a โpuppy cutโ for easier maintenance. The Lhasa apsoโs eyes are typically dark and oval, and their tail curls over their back. These dogs have a well-balanced build and tend to believe theyโre larger than their actual size. Hardy and smart, these little dogs are confident yet comical. Their history as a guard dog stretches back centuries, where they were trained to watch over their home and family.
The Pekingese is a breed of toy dog, originating in China. The breed was favored by royalty of the Chinese Imperial court as a companion dog, and its name refers to the city of Beijing where the Forbidden City is located. The breed has several characteristics and health issues related to its unique appearance. A compact toy dog that was prized as a companion in the palaces of ancient China. They have a cheerful rolling gait, and while diminutive, they are true canine aristocrats with all the confidence of the emperors who owned them. Prone to snoring and noisy breathing, the Pekingese has an extremely brachycephalic head shape, with almost no muzzle at all and large prominent eyes, that are likely to suffer eye problems and irritation.
The Chongqing dog is considered to be partially brachycephalic, as it has a shorter, flatter face than some other breeds, though its muzzle is more pronounced than that of a truly flat-faced breed like a Pug or Bulldog. The term "brachycephalic" refers to a short-headed or short-nosed dog, which can lead to certain health concerns. The Chongqing dog is an ancient mastiff Tugou historically used for hunting and guarding in Chongqing, China. Today this breed is prized as a fearless and tough protector of their family and home. The term "Chongqing Dog" may also be used to refer to the Chuandong hound. It is found in Singapore. The Chinese Chongqing dog is a rare breed, even in their homeland of China. Dating back to the Han Dynasty, they are a medium sized dog with a thin coat of deep brown, almost mahogany color. This dog is muscular and solid, although the females are more streamlined and slender. The Chinese Chongqing is a noble and dignified dog, proven to be good with children, although the children must be taught to respect the dog and give them space when needed. Rough play will not be tolerated, so teach young ones to be kind in their play. This dog can be aloof with other dogs and non-canine pets, but with careful socializing when young, this tendency can be overcome. Fearless and powerful, they make ideal guard dogs who will let you know when strangers are entering your property. Strangers will easily be aware of their presence; only the unwise will test this dog's determination to protect. The Chinese Chongqing loves a nice grassy yard and tends to enjoy quieter moments with their family rather than boisterous games, although they will enjoy some fetching and tug of war fun. Their distinctive solid face often has skin folds around the muzzle and across the forehead, and they have a very engaging smile.
Rottweiler is considered a type of brachycephalic breed, though it is in the "low risk" category and not typically as severely affected by breathing issues as other brachycephalic dogs. They have a shorter muzzle and a wider head than some other breeds, and while most are not prone to severe breathing problems, those bred with unusually short muzzles can have breathing difficulties. The Rottweiler is a breed of domestic mastiff type dog, regarded as medium-to-large or large. The dogs were known in German as Rottweiler Metzgerhund, meaning Rottweil butchers' dogs, because their main use was to herd livestock and pull carts laden with butchered meat to market. Caring for a Rottweiler requires knowledge about their grooming, dietary, exercise, and mental health care requirements, as well as their potential for health problems. A Rottweiler's short black and tan coat sheds heavily year-round. You will need to groom your dog throughout the week to stay on top of the flying fur. The typical Rottweiler temperament ranges from natural clowns, affectionate to almost everyone, to the very reserved one-person dog. Each dog is an individual, and breed only makes up about 9% of any dogโs overall behavior. This breed was originally bred as a working and guardian dog. This means they may develop a barking habit whenever theyโre in an unfamiliar situation or meeting a new person.
The tiny pooch with a massive personality. Chihuahuas combine elegant grace with big-dog attitude, charm with sass. Their diminutive size makes them ideal for city life and apartment living โ though they wonโt say no to a charge around the countryside! The cute little face of the Chihuahua makes them a brachycephalic breed, however the degree to which their breathing is compromised varies significantly from one individual dog to another. They are not as significantly affected as other snub-nosed breeds. The Chihuahua is a tiny but confident dog that loves giving and receiving attention. Despite its petite and fragile appearance, the breed is quite boldโeven brave. Chihuahuas boast distinct features, such as wide eyes and ears that are usually erect and very large in relation to their small head and body. The Chihuahua has a unique personality and can be an affectionate and loyal companion as long as it does not feel threatened.
The Japanese Chin is a compassionate and energetic breed that makes an ideal indoor companion. This breed is known for having silky fur, a broad head, a short muzzle, and widely spaced eyes. Standing only 8โ11 inches tall and weighing no more than 11 pounds, Japanese Chin are the perfect lap dogs. The breed name is a misnomer, according to the Japanese Chin Club of America (JCCA), as the breed is often cited as originating in China, though the true roots of this ancient dog are murky. But it is known that Japanese Chin were kept by Buddhist monks and gifted to nobility, becoming common sights in Imperial palaces, according to the JCCA. A toy companion dog with a feline character. They are known for being intelligent, exotic, and a lap dog par excellence. The smushy face of the adorable Japanese Chin had its disadvantages, as it is firmly in the extreme brachycephalic category, meaning breathing problems are likely. These stunning little companion dogs can be quite snuffly due to their compromised airways.
These sturdy yet agile terriers are courageous and tenacious and make a wonderfully playful companion with a particular affinity for kids. They were once the stars of British fighting pits but nowadays tend to have sweet natures as patient, willing pets. A mildly affected brachycephalic breed, Staffies have wide faces and relatively short snouts but there is considerable variation in the degree and likelihood of breathing difficulties. They might be less heat tolerant than the average dog, but they tend to be at a much lower risk than many other brachycephalic breeds of suffering BOAS. The Staffordshire bull terrier, also called the Stafford, Staffy, or Staffie, is a medium-sized dog of somewhat short stature with a muscular, athletic body. Contrary to its tough appearance, the Stafford is a gentle, loyal, and highly affectionate dog breed that was recognized by the American Kennel Club in the 1970s. Praised for its "nanny-like" instincts, the Stafford gets along remarkably well with children when properly trained and socialized. However, because of this breed's strong prey drive and dog-fighting ancestry, use caution around other pets.
The characteristic short snout and flat-faced appearance are typical traits of the brachycephalic breed. This makes them more likely to snore, as well as finding exercise in hot, humid weather hard work. According to a 2021 study on Griffon breeds by the Veterinary Record Open, nasal hyperkeratosis โ a skin condition that causes a dog's skin in the nose to thicken โ is a common development in Brussels Griffons when they are only young adults, similar to other brachycephalic breeds. With a near-human expression, Brussels Griffons are adorable, intelligent, and social dogs that quickly win over fans with their larger-than-life personalities. They are also small dogs, weighing in at 6โ14 pounds and 7โ10 inches tall. This, coupled with their friendly temperament, makes them perfect apartment dogs. Brussels Griffons are known for their expressive, almost childlike faces and large, wide-set prominent eyes. Their stocky bodies and characteristic, purposeful trot are reflections of their heritage as vermin hunters in Belgium.
The Shar Pei is a dog breed from southern China. Traditionally kept as a property guardian, the shar pei was driven to the brink of extinction in the 20th century. The breed is known in the West for its deep wrinkles, while a traditional less wrinkled form is maintained in Hong Kong. The Shar Pei does not have the flat-faced look of a bulldog or pug, but their noses are short relative to the size of their head, and therefore they are included in the list of brachycephalic breeds. This tends to mean they do not thrive on very energetic exercise โ walking pace is best for this intelligent and regal-looking guardian of a dog. However, they are much less affected than breeds with more severe brachycephalic head conformation. The shar-pei is an ancient, unique, and once very rare dog breed from China, known for wrinkled skin, a blue-black tongue, and a bristle-like coat, all of which make this dog stand out from the crowd. This breed is not best for novice dog parents, though. The shar-pei can also be prone to several health conditions. The very intelligent shar-pei dog is independent, aloof, and guarded with people they do not know. But they can also be a fiercely loyal and protective family companion who loves to snuggle. They are often wary of other dogs and can have a high prey drive. For these reasons, they do better as the only pet in the household.
This tiny but feisty terrier with its long curtains of blue-grey hair is considered moderately brachycephalic, as while their faces are fairly flat and they have cute button noses, it is not exaggerated. This in turn means that they are less prone to the disadvantages of brachycephaly, namely breathing difficulties. Once a favorite of Victorian ladies, this dainty delight is in fact a superb ratter with a tenacious attitude. Yorkshire terriers are small dogs with big personalities, known for their affectionate and playful nature. They require regular grooming due to their long, silky coats and are considered high-maintenance in this aspect. Yorkies are prone to certain health conditions, including patellar luxation, collapsing trachea, and dental issues but generally live between 11 to 15 years. They are energetic and require regular exercise, and their vocal nature makes them excellent watchdogs. Yorkies tend to be very vocal, protective, and loyal. And, despite their small size, they can make excellent guard dogs. But, at heart, they are wonderful companions who enjoy pampering and snuggling up to their loved ones.
The Bullmastiff is an English breed of dog of mastiff type and large size, with a solid build and a short muzzle. It was developed as a guard dog in the nineteenth century by cross-breeding the English Mastiff with the now-extinct Old English Bulldog. It was recognised as a breed by The Kennel Club in 1924. The bullmastiff is a large-boned and muscular working dog from England with a short coat. The breed's origins as a cross between the mastiff and the bulldog are apparent in this dog's appearance. In personality, this breed is smart, alert, and loyal. Though the bullmastiff has a natural protective instinct, the breed is typically quite gentle around children and others who pose no threat. Bullmastiffs are docile and affectionate with family members, but they might take time to warm up to new people. They are good with young children and other dogs, though all interactions between kids and pets - no matter the breed should be supervised. Bullmastiffs are extremely intelligent dogs and usually learn quickly during training. However, it ัs important for pet parents to train and socialize this breed early, Bullmastiff puppies have lots of energy and grow to become very strong, giant dogs that can easily knock people and children over if they lack training.
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a British breed of toy dog of spaniel type. Four colours are recognised: Blenheim, tricolour, black and tan, and ruby, the coat is smooth and silky. The lifespan is usually between eight and twelve years. Few things are as heartwarming as a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel's enthusiastic tail wag - it is like a built-in happiness meter! Loving, gentle, and playful, these amiable charmers melt hearts wherever they go. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are well-known for their gentle and doting disposition. They are social butterflies, eager to please, and highly adaptable to various living environments, from city apartments to country homes. Gentle, adoring, and always eager to please, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small but sturdy toy breed known for its graceful appearance and endearing personality. They form strong bonds with their humans, making them ideal companions for families, singles, and seniors alike. Friendly and sweet-natured, Cavaliers get along well with children, other pets, and even strangers, making them less suited for guarding duties but perfect as loving family members. They are happy in a large home with a garden, or a small and cozy apartment, making them a very adaptable breed.They dislike being left alone for long periods and thrive in a loving home where they can be close to their humans, offering unwavering companionship and a touch of elegance.
The King Charles Spaniel is a small dog breed of the spaniel type. In 1903, The Kennel Club combined four separate toy spaniel breeds under this single title. The English toy spaniel is a small toy dog breed from England with a silky, medium-length coat and a strong resemblance to its cousin, the popular Cavalier King Charles spaniel. English toy spaniels have large, dark, expressive eyes; long, furry ears; and a domed skull. Their coat comes in four varieties, each with a specific name: King Charles (black and tan), Blenheim (red and white), Prince Charles (black, white, and tan), and Ruby (solid red). British royalty favored English toy spaniels not only for their sweet appearance and compact size but also their devotion to their humans and love of being a lapdog. The English Toy Spaniel is a charming and affectionate breed known for their regal appearance and gentle demeanor. A gentle and affectionate companion, English Toy Spaniels make an excellent choice for those seeking a loving lap dog. This breed is known for their sweet and slightly reserved personality, and often form a strong bond with their pet parents. While friendly, they can be a bit shy around strangers and prefer a calm, predictable environment. A unique characteristic of the English Toy Spaniel is their short, upturned nose, which gives them a signature "pushed-in" face. Though cute, this means they are prone to breathing issues that pet parents need to be mindful of.
The Cane Corso is an Italian breed of mastiff. It is usually kept as a companion dog or guard dog; it may also be used to protect livestock. In the past it was used both for hunting large game and for herding cattle. This imposing and noble-looking dog is the ultimate protector, with a heritage that dates back to Ancient Rome, where they probably descended from war dogs. Essentially an Italian mastiff, these large, muscular dogs are typically used as companion or guard dogs, and also to protect livestock. Less severely brachycephalic than some on this list, the Cane Corso does have a relatively flat face and shortened muzzle that can predispose it to breathing problems. However, other mastiff-type dogs tend to have more pushed-in faces, but the Cane Corso is still considered a brachycephalic breed. The name can be translated from the Latin as โbodyguard dogโ or โguard dog of the courtyard.โ But while these dogs have historically been guardians, today they can make loyal companions.
The Chow Chow is a spitz-type of dog breed originally from Northern China. The Chow Chow is a sturdily built dog, square in profile, with a broad skull and small, triangular, erect ears with rounded tips. The breed is known for a very dense double coat that is either smooth or rough. While their ears are pointy, their muzzles tend to be blunt. Other distinctive traits include their lion's mane ruff and a blue-black tongue. They are listed as a brachycephalic breed due to their shortened skull shape, but they are less likely than most to suffer from respiratory problems and are therefore considered low-risk. If they are overweight, anxious, or elderly, then breathing difficulties are more prevalent. The chow chow is a medium to large-sized non-sporting dog breed from China that is known for a lion-like or bear-like appearance and blue-black tongue. This reserved and independent dog may have a rough or smooth coat. Though the breed sometimes has a reputation for being aggressive, most chows are faithful, calm dogs that make excellent companions.
The Fila Brasileiro is a Brazilian breed of large working dog of mastiff type. It is used as a guard dog, for cattle herding and for big-game hunting, it may also be kept as a companion dog or pet. Fila Brasileiro dog is considered a brachycephalic breed, meaning it has a shortened muzzle and a "pushed-in" face. While its head is described as somewhat brachycephalic, it can still be proportionate to the body, and some sources also categorize it as mesaticephalic. The Fila Brasileiro is a giant, loyal, and protective guard dog that thrives in rural settings and requires an experienced owner due to its strong-willed nature. This breed needs significant exercise, training, and early socialization to manage its protective temperament and high prey drive. Filas have moderate grooming needs but require attention to prevent common health issues like hip and elbow dysplasia and bloat. The Fila Brasileiro, also known as the Brazilian mastiff, is a rare and giant guard dog breed. It features a muscular build, thick and loose skin, powerful jaws, and a distinctively high croup compared to the shoulders, giving it an unusual back profile. Most dog breeds have flat, level toplines. Some breeds like Afghan Hounds and Whippets have arched toplines. In contrast, the Fila Brasileiroโs croup, also called the rump or buttocks, is higher than its withers at the top of the shoulders.
Mastino Napoletano (Neapolitan Mastiff) is a brachycephalic dog breed. The term "Mastino" refers to this specific breed, which is known for its large size, wrinkled appearance, and brachycephalic short-snouted head. Other mastiff types, such as the Dogue de Bordeaux and Bullmastiff, are also brachycephalic. The Neapolitan Mastiff or Mastino Napoletano is an Italian breed of large dog of mastiff type. It was recognised as a breed by the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana in 1949, and accepted by the Fรฉdรฉration Cynologique Internationale in 1956. The Neapolitan mastiff is a giant working breed from Italy with wrinkly skin, short fur, a muscular build, and long, floppy jowls that droop from their face. Though their size can be intimidating, the Neapolitan mastiff is a gentle giant that makes an excellent large family dog. These dogs are just as protective as they are loving toward their owners, and they are also low-maintenance and easygoing companions. If you are looking for a best friend that can also help keep you safe, the Neapolitan mastiff is up for the job. Along with its unique appearance, this breed makes a great companion. Neapolitan mastiffs love their families unconditionally, but they can be wary of strangers, making them great guard dogs to protect their homes from intruders. Their fearless and protective attitude is sure to frighten any unwanted visitors. When it comes to spending time with their owners, Neapolitan mastiffs have especially affectionate personalities. They're not usually a playful breed, but your mastiff will be happy to curl up inside or go for a walk a few times each day.
The Pomeranian is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that is named for the Pomerania region in north-west Poland and north-east Germany in Central Europe. Classed as a toy dog breed because of its small size, the Pomeranian is descended from larger Spitz-type dogs, specifically the German Spitz Many Pomeranians are considered brachycephalic (short-faced) or are on the border between brachycephalic and mesocephalic (medium-proportioned), though they are not as extreme as breeds like Pugs or French Bulldogs. This can lead to respiratory issues like those associated with Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which may include narrow nostrils and a long soft palate. Pomeranians are playful, peppy pups who need to keep their paws moving and bright mind engaged. Boasting a peppy personality, the delightful Pom is perfect for anyone seeking a lively bestie whose love language is quality time. Do not underestimate the little powderpuff that is the Pomeranian. While it could be easy to dismiss this cloud-shaped creature as just a bunch of (literal) fluff, theyโre smart, inquisitive, and high-spirited dogs who love to put on a show. You might have a clever, happy-go-lucky friend whoโs always at every party and is equal parts approachable and enviable. Thatโs a Pomeranian. These adorable pups live for social interactions and to make their pet parents laugh out loud.
The Bull Terrier is a breed of dog in the terrier family. There is also a miniature version of this breed, the Miniature Bull Terrier. This breed originates in England, where the bull and terrier breeds were originally bred for vermin control and bloodsports. Bull Terrier is a brachycephalic, or "short-headed," dog breed with a shortened snout that can lead to respiratory issues. While not as severely affected as some other breeds, they are still prone to difficulties breathing, heat intolerance, and are at risk for conditions like BOAS (Brachiocephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome), especially if they are overweight or experience stress. Modern Bull Terriers have an arched, egg-shaped skull and a shortened snout that can make breathing harder than for dogs with longer muzzles. The shortened snout can cause narrower and flatter breathing passages, making breathing difficult and leading to snoring, snorting, and a struggle for air, especially during exercise. Like other brachycephalic breeds, Bull Terriers are sensitive to high temperatures and are at increased risk of heat stroke because panting, their primary cooling method, can be less efficient. The severity of respiratory problems can be exacerbated by factors such as being overweight, age, stress, excitement, or other health issues like heart failure. To help with breathing, it is recommended to attach a leash to a harness instead of a collar to avoid putting pressure on the trachea. Keeping them lean is also crucial, as obesity makes symptoms worse.
The American Staffordshire Terrier, also known as the AmStaff, is a medium-sized, short-coated American dog breed recognized by the American Kennel Club, but not the United Kennel Club, which instead allows American Staffordshire Terriers to be registered under the American Pit Bull Terrier breed. American Staffordshire Terrier is considered somewhat brachycephalic, with a broad, somewhat shortened skull that can lead to mild respiratory issues, particularly in heat or during exertion. While not as severely affected as some other breeds, they can still experience breathing difficulties and are more susceptible to heat-related stress. Stocky and muscular with a strong, powerful head, the American Staffordshire Terrier is a cross between the courageous Bulldog and the spirited, agile terrier breeds. Friendly, intelligent, confident and loyal, this people-oriented breed thrives as part of the family. American Staffordshire Terriers are full of personality, and like having a "job." The AmStaff is very trainable, and enjoys activities that challenge him mentally and physically. This breed requires regular exercise. The behemoth of the Terrier group, the American Staffordshire Terrier is burly and massively muscular, with a broad head and square, strong jaws. The breed has a stiff, short coat. In contrast with his body builder-like physique, he moves gracefully with a bouncy gait.
A Boerboel is considered a somewhat brachycephalic breed due to its short, blocky muzzle, though not all individuals are extremely brachycephalic. While they have a short head, their muzzle is longer than that of a more extreme brachycephalic breed like a Pug or Bulldog. Some Boerboels can exhibit more pronounced brachycephalic features, especially those that appear more like a Mastiff mix. The Boerboel is a South African breed of large dog of mastiff type, used as a family guard dog. It is large, with a short coat, strong bone structure and well-developed muscles. It is recognised by the Kennel Union of Southern Africa, but not by the Fรฉdรฉration Cynologique Internationale. The gigantic Boerboel, also known as the South African Mastiff, was originally bred to protect South African farms from predators, including hyenas and lions. Though the large dogs have worked alongside humans for centuries, it was only in the 1980s that people began working to preserve and perfect the Boerboel breed, according to the World Boerboel Breeders Association. These imposing dogs are excellent livestock guardians while also possessing a loving and calm personality toward their family, especially children. The Boerboel is a smart and trainable dog, and their devotion to their family makes them an attractive breed. However, their massive size and their need for physical and mental stimulation mean they do best in a home with more experienced pet parents.
Also known as an Old English Mastiff, the Mastiff is best known for being big-boned and well-muscled with a loyal and patient disposition. They usually grow to be 120โ230 pounds, making them one of the largest mastiff breeds. The breed originated in England, where the dogsโ size made them a natural choice as guardians. But the Mastiff was also put to service during World War I and World War II to pull carts loaded with ammunition, according to the Mastiff Club of America (MCA). Today, the Mastiff is often a family pet. The English Mastiff, or simply the Mastiff, is a British breed of very large dog of mastiff type. It is likely descended from the ancient Alaunt and Pugnaces Britanniae, with a significant input from the Alpine Mastiff in the 19th century. The mastiff is one of the largest and most powerful of all dog breedsโan adult mastiff can weigh more than a full-grown human man. Though suspicious of strangers, mastiffs are affectionate, gentle, and calm with their beloved human family. Due to their sheer size and natural wariness, a responsible mastiff puppy owner must provide clear and consistent training and plenty of socialization.
The Presa Canario is a Spanish breed of large-sized dog of mastiff or catch dog type. It originates in the Spanish autonomous community of the Canary Islands, and is found mostly in the islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife. It was formerly known as the Dogo Canario. Presa Canario is considered a brachycephalic breed because of its massive, short-muzzled head. The breed standard describes the head as "massive, brachycephalic and compact," and its shape is often compared to a slightly elongated cube. The Perro de Presa Canario is a robust breed from the Canary Islands of Spain. The name of the breed is Spanish in origin, translating to "canary catch dog," and it's often shortened to Presa Canario. When properly trained and socialized, the Presa Canario is docile, devoted, and obedient to their family - however, they are natural guard dogs, highly suspicious of strangers, and will sometimes act aggressively toward people or animals they do not know. With a thick and muscular rectangular body, attentive expression, and black mask, the Presa Canario is a strong-willed breed. Their broad, brachycephalic head shape usually features cropped ears, which add to their formidable expression and also keep them safe while working with cattle.
Newfoundland is considered a brachycephalic or semi-brachycephalic breed, as selective breeding has led to a shorter muzzle, which can cause breathing difficulties and other health issues. While not as severely flat-faced as a Pug, this breed can struggle with breathing, especially in hot weather or during exercise, due to the same structural issues as other brachycephalic dogs. The Newfoundland is a large breed of working dog. They can be black, grey, brown, or black and white. However, in the Dominion of Newfoundland, before it became part of Canada, only black and Landseer coloured dogs were considered to be proper members of the breed. Newfoundlands, affectionately known as Newfies, are not only one of the biggest dog breeds, but they are also one of the most docile and friendly. The breed originated in Newfoundland, Canada, where the dogs worked alongside fishermen and served as water rescue dogs. Because of this history, Newfoundlands are natural swimmersโtheir webbed paws allow them to cut through water, and their thick coat insulates them from frigid temperatures. You can still find working Newfoundland dogs today, but they also make a great family pet for those with enough space to house this gentle giant.
This medium-sized mastiff-type dog is characterized by its large head and thick folds of skin, which give it the "sour mug" look. Known for their courage, loyalty, and tenacity, bulldogs are defined by their shortened upper jaw and nose, an extreme brachycephalic head shape which severely affects the respiratory system and prevents them from exercising in a normal canine manner. BOAS is almost inevitable in this breed. The modern English Bulldog was bred to be a companion dog, but they still retain the courageousness and independent streak of their forebears. While not able to keep up for a daily run, they do enjoy getting out and about with their family to socialize. Their slow, lumbering gait is a magnet for attention and their sweet disposition and goofy antics make for constant entertainment.
The Affenpinscher is a German breed of small toy dog of Pinscher type. Originally developed as a mouser, the Affenpinscher is now commonly found as a companion worldwide. Affenpinscher fans describe these fun little dogs as โcomediansโ, with their ability to entertain and amuse taking on human characteristics. You donโt own an Affenpinscher, they own you. While the look of the Affenpinscher, with its monkey-like face and squished-in nose, makes them a brachycephalic breed, they arenโt as susceptible to breathing problems as, for example, the pugs, Frenchies, and bulldogs. This ancient toy breed is fun-loving, loyal and fearless. Heโs considered a hypoallergenic breed, so he could be a perfect companion for both people with and without allergies. What the Affenpinscher lacks in size, he makes up for with his big personality. Heโs curious and funny, bold and outgoing. His intelligence and courage make him a great watchdog, but socialization with people and other animals is crucial. As a moderately active dog, the Affen needs plenty of playtime and interaction indoors, plus outdoor walks and activities. He gets along well with other dogs, but may not do well in homes where rodents like hamsters and gerbils are kept as pets. Although playful and entertaining, the Affenpinscher does not enjoy being hugged, squeezed or chased. As such, heโs not the best dog breed for families with young children.
Spanish Mastiffs are considered brachycephalic because they have a short, broad muzzle and a "pushed-in" facial conformation. This trait is shared with other mastiff breeds and can lead to potential respiratory issues, such as difficulty breathing, due to shortened upper airways. The Spanish Mastiff or Mastรญn Espaรฑol is a breed of mastiff from Spain, originally bred to be a guard dog and whose specialized purpose is to be a livestock guardian dog protecting flocks and/or herds from wolves and other predators. The Spanish Mastiff was originally bred to keep livestock safe from large predators, so it is no surprise that these large dogs typically reach 100 kg. While the Spanish Mastiff looks somewhat similar to the Pyrenean Mastiff, the breed's short, thick coat comes in a wider range of colors, including yellow, red, black, and fawn and might have a brindle pattern, according to the breed standard. True to their guardian nature, the Spanish Mastiff is gentle around their trusted humans but can be aloof around new people. Spanish Mastiffs, with their giant size and powerful bodies, have been used as livestock guardians for more than 2,000 years. Originally from Spain, the breed was tasked with protecting sheep from wolves and other predators and one Spanish Mastiff dog was considered to be capable of looking after up to 100 sheep on their own, according to the American Kennel Club (AKC). Spanish Mastiffs have a kind and calm temperament around family members, including children they know. However, they can be on guard around strangers, which is why socialization and training during puppyhood is crucial. Many Spanish Mastiffs can live happily with other pets, including small dogs and cats, but they must be supervised and socialized with them starting at an early age. This breed is considered low-energy but does need about an hour of exercise every day.
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS) is a respiratory condition in short-nosed, flat-faced dog breeds (like Pugs, French Bulldogs, and English Bulldogs) caused by anatomical abnormalities in their airways that lead to difficulty breathing. Symptoms include noisy breathing, excessive panting, exercise intolerance, and difficulty in the heat, while the main structural issues are narrowed nostrils (stenotic nares) and an elongated soft palate, though everted laryngeal saccules can also occur. Treatment ranges from weight management and activity control for mild cases to surgical correction of the anatomical defects for more severe cases.
All brachycephalic dogs suffer from some form of mild brachycephalic airway syndrome and are also vulnerable to more dangerous conditions that may require surgery. Symptoms of airway obstruction include snoring, snorting, noisy breathing, and tiring or fainting during exercise. Because these conditions become worse over time, and can cause permanent damage, it's important to monitor closely and work with your vet to determine if and when surgery may be needed. The following are brachycephalic airway syndrome symptoms that can cause serious health concerns.
โข Elongated soft palate - Almost every brachycephalic dog has an extra-long soft palate - tissue between mouth and nose cavities, which covers the throat more than it should. In many dogs, this may only cause snoring and some difficulties panting in hot weather, but other dogs may need surgery to shorten the palate.
โข Stenotic Nares - Another common problem is narrowed or collapsed nostrils, which make it hard for dogs to breathe through their noses. This usually leads to a lot of mouth breathing and makes exercise difficult. Sometimes puppies can grow out of this problem, but a surgical procedure may be needed to open up the nostrils.
โข Tracheal Stenosis - In some dogs the trachea, or wind-pipe, is dangerously narrow. This narrowing makes panting difficult and use of anesthesia very dangerous.
โข Everted Laryngeal Saccules - Difficult breathing can inflame saccules (pouches) in the layrnx, and even flip them inside out (hence the term "everted"). This significantly obstructs the airway, so surgical removal of the saccules is common. In severe cases, oxygen therapy may be needed until surgery can be performed.
โข Heat Stroke - Since dogs use panting to cool down, brachycephalic dogs struggle in hot weather because they cannot draw in enough air to cool their body. Vomiting, glazed eyes, and seizures can all be signs of heat stroke.
CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
Cause - BAS is a genetic condition resulting from breeding for shortened skulls. This leads to a variety of structural problems, including:
Stenotic nares (narrowed nostrils), Elongated soft palate, Everted laryngeal saccules (extra tissue around the vocal cords), Narrow or hypoplastic trachea (windpipe).
Symptoms - These anatomical issues restrict airflow, leading to: Loud breathing or snoring, Excessive panting, Intolerance to exercise, Gagging or choking, Difficulty with heat, In severe cases, collapse or cyanosis (blue gums) can occur.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Diagnosis - A veterinarian will likely use a combination of a physical exam (including a sedated oral exam), your pet's breed and history, and potentially chest and neck x-rays to check the trachea and other structures.
Treatment Mild cases: Weight management, avoiding overheating, using a harness instead of a collar, and limiting strenuous activity can be helpful.
Severe cases: Surgery is often recommended to correct the underlying anatomical issues. This may include: Widening the nostrils, Shortening the soft palate, Removing everted laryngeal saccules.
Emergency treatment: For acute crises, treatment may include oxygen, anti-inflammatory medications, and sedation to stabilize the animal before definitive treatment can be performed.
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